Goldman economists on the Gen Z hiring nightmare: ‘Jobless growth’ is probably the new normal — from fortune.com by Nick Lichtenberg (this article is behind a paywall)

The challenging U.S. labor market is entering a new normal, according to Goldman Sachs economists David Mericle and Pierfrancesco Mei, who tackled the phenomenon of “jobless growth” in an Oct. 13 note. It resonates with what Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell memorably described in September as a “low-hire, low-fire” labor market, in which, for some reason, “kids coming out of college and younger people, minorities, are having a hard time finding jobs.”

Some analysts blame the downturn in entry-level hiring on the impact of AI on the economy, others on macroeconomic uncertainty, especially the seesawing tariffs regime from the Trump administration. The takeaway is clear, though, that getting hired is really hard in the mid-2020s.

This shift is clear in data collated by the investment bank. Payroll growth by industry shows almost all sectors outside health care posting weak, zero, or even negative net job creation, despite otherwise solid macroeconomic indicators. Meanwhile, the share of executives who mention both AI and employment in the same context on earnings calls has reached historic highs.?

For now, Mericle’s “low-hire, low-fire” diagnosis serves as both warning and guide: Jobless growth may not mean mass layoffs, but it does mean fewer opportunities for job seekers and slower rebounds from economic shocks in the years to come.?

 

When Heads Butt — from kathleendelaski.substack.com by Kathlee deLaski
An actual debate at LinkedIn Headquarters on the value of the college degree

Coincidentally published the same day, our books do take opposing views in parts. Scott is very strong on the value of the traditional degree, but wants to help students see beyond “the major,” telling them not to rely on what essentially amounts to a minority of the courses you’ll take in college to find your path to passion and employment. He urges them to find a “field of study,” to build in a broader range of self-directed experiences and classes to find your purpose and profession. (I love this and recommend his book.)

WhiIe I don’t recommend against college, “Who Needs College Anymore?” points to the growing number of employers and colleges that are offering skills-based career paths, that can be achieved with shorter term programs…that can be a stepladder to a degree, but don’t leave you credential-less if life gets in the way. I call on colleges to embrace all the market share they are leaving on the table, the 60% plus of Americans who are not getting a four-year degree, and to consider providing more modular professional pathway opportunities in addition to degrees.


Also re: higher education, see:

After years of quietly falling, college tuition is on the rise again — from hechingerreport.org
As colleges also pare back services, many students are paying more and getting less

Students nationwide are facing increases in tuition this fall of as high as 10 percent, along with new fees and rising costs for dorms and dining. And as in Pennsylvania, it’s an abrupt change from a period during which something happened that most Americans probably didn’t notice: Tuition had actually been falling, when adjusted for inflation, after decades of outpacing the cost of almost everything else.

That’s among the conclusions of The Hechinger Report’s update of its Tuition Tracker tool, which shows what students pay to go to individual colleges and universities based on their families’ incomes.

Considering the growing skepticism that college is “the magic ticket to the American dream,” said Gillen, raising tuition, for many higher education institutions, “definitely has the potential to be penny-wise and pound-foolish.” 

But universities and colleges are confronting unprecedented problems on the funding side. 

 

Nutrition education programs shutter amid funding cuts — from open-campus-dispatch.beehiiv.com by Colleen Murphy
SNAP-Ed programs teach low-income families about healthy eating habits and food preparation.

University-run nutrition education programs are closing around the country following Trump administration funding cuts. That means low-income families are losing access to information about healthy eating and cooking.

“When you teach people how to eat healthier, the students do better in school, the parents do better at work, that feeds the economy,” Mark Lynch, director of advocacy, told the TV station. “Everybody lives longer and stays out of the doctor’s offices or the ERs.”

From DSC:
“Everybody lives longer and stays out of the doctor’s offices or the ERs.” DC: Yup. We can pay up front and be healthier as a society, or we can try to get people their necessary healthcare later on (probably costing us much more on the aggregate).

Making America Great Again…NOT!

 

Law Punx: The Future of the Legal Profession, With Electra Japonas — from artificiallawyer.com by Richard Tromans aand Electra Japonas

Takeaways:

  • The legal profession is undergoing significant changes due to AI.
  • Lawyers must adapt their skill sets to thrive in the future.
  • Drafting will become less important as AI takes over.
  • Understanding the ‘why’ behind legal work is crucial.
  • Lawyers will need to design systems and guardrails for AI.
  • The role of lawyers is shifting from executors to architects.
  • Law schools need to teach legal technology and systems design.
  • Client demands are changing the way law firms operate.
  • Law firms must adapt to new client expectations for efficiency.
  • The future of law will require a blend of legal knowledge and tech skills.

“We don’t want an opinion from you. We want a prompt from you.”


Legal Education Must Change Because of AI – Survey — from artificiallawyer.com
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Guest Column: As AI Helps Close the Justice Gap, Will It Save the Legal Profession or Replace It? — from lawnexts.com by Bob Ambrogi

The numbers are stark: 92% of low-income Americans receive no help with substantial civil legal problems, while small claims filings have plummeted 32% in just four years. But AI is changing the game. By making legal procedures accessible to pro se litigants and supercharging legal aid organizations, these tools are reviving dormant disputes and opening courthouse doors that have been effectively closed to millions.

 

Supreme Court Allows Trump to Slash Foreign Aid — from nytimes.com by Ann E. Marimow
The court’s conservative majority allowed the president to cut the funding in part because it said his flexibility to engage in foreign affairs outweighed “the potential harm” faced by aid recipients.

The Supreme Court on Friday allowed the Trump administration to withhold $4 billion in foreign aid that had been appropriated by Congress, in a preliminary test of President Trump’s efforts to wrest the power of the purse from lawmakers.

“The stakes are high: At issue is the allocation of power between the executive and Congress” over how government funds are spent, wrote Justice Elena Kagan, who was joined by Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson.

“This result further erodes separation of powers principles that are fundamental to our constitutional order,” Nicolas Sansone, a lawyer with the Public Citizen Litigation Group who represents the coalition, said in a statement. “It will also have a grave humanitarian impact on vulnerable communities throughout the world.”


From DSC:
Do your friggin’ job Supreme Court justices! Your job is to uphold the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America! As you fully well know, it is the Legislative Branch (Congress) that allocates funding — not the Executive Branch.

And there will be horrible humanitarian impacts that are going to be felt in many places because this funding is being withheld.

Making America Great Again…NOT!!!


 

Top 50 Legal Employers Hiring Now: Where the Opportunities Are in 2025 — from jdjournal.com by Fatima E

For lawyers, paralegals, compliance professionals, and legal tech specialists, 2025 is shaping up to be a strong hiring year. According to a new LawCrossing report, the Top 50 Legal Employers Hiring Now highlights a wave of open positions across law firms, corporations, government agencies, and universities — a snapshot of where demand is highest and where job-seekers should be focusing their efforts.

The Types of Employers on the List
The Top 50 Legal Employers Hiring Now spans a diverse set of organizations:

  • Corporate Legal Departments: …
  • Law Firms: …
  • Government Agencies: …
  • Universities and Nonprofits: …

This diversity means opportunities exist for professionals at many career stages, whether you are a new graduate seeking entry-level work, a mid-career attorney looking for stability, or a seasoned litigator hoping to move in-house.


Also see:

Law StudentsRecord-Breaking Law School Enrollment as Applicant Boom Reshapes Legal Education — from jdjournal.com by Fatima E
.

Record-Breaking Law School Enrollment as Applicant Boom Reshapes Legal Education

.
U.S. law schools are experiencing a surge unlike anything seen in over a decade, with first-year J.D. classes hitting record sizes this fall. The unprecedented boom follows an 18 % year-over-year jump in applications, fueled by a mix of economic uncertainty, political engagement, and strong job prospects for recent graduates.


Also see:

Lawyers Council Explores Legal Innovation with Arizona Chief Justice Timmer — from iaals.du.edu

On September 16, members of the IAALS Lawyers Council gathered in downtown Denver to discuss the growing momentum of alternative business structures with Arizona Chief Justice Ann A. Scott Timmer and Jess Bednarz, IAALS’ Director of Legal Services and the Profession.

Arizona is on the frontlines of this movement, and Chief Justice Timmer talked about how alternative business structures have led to meaningful innovations in how lawyers in Arizona provide legal services.

Chief Justice Timmer credits a culture of innovation in Arizona for providing the ability for lawyers and businesses to try new ways of delivering legal services. She emphasized that lawyers are still at the heart of the practice of law in these alternative business structures, and that the structures allow lawyers to have added resources to innovate and reach more clients. This creativity has led to businesses and innovations that make the legal system easier to access, like financial planners and lawyers combining businesses or an app that helps people start the process of expunging criminal records.

 

On LawNext: Justice Workers — Reimagining Access to Justice as Democracy Work, with Rebecca Sandefur and Matthew Burnett — from lawnext.com by Bob Ambrogi

With as many as 120 million legal problems going unresolved in America each year, traditional lawyer-centered approaches to access to justice have consistently failed to meet the scale of need. But what if the solution is not just about providing more legal services — what if it lies in fundamentally rethinking who can provide legal help?

In today’s episode, host Bob Ambrogi is joined by two of the nation’s leading researchers on access to justice: Rebecca Sandefur, professor and director of the Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics at Arizona State University and a faculty fellow at the American Bar Foundation, and Matthew Burnett, director of research and programs for the Access to Justice Research Initiative at the American Bar Foundation and an adjunct professor of law at Georgetown University Law Center.

 

Guest post: IP professionals are enthusiastic about AI but should adopt with caution, report says — from legaltechnology.com by Benoit Chevalier

Aiming to discover more about AI’s impact on the intellectual property (IP) field, Questel recently released the findings of its 2025 IP Outlook Research Report entitled “Pathways to Productivity: AI in IP”, the much-awaited follow-up to its inaugural 2024 study “Beyond the Hype: How Technology is Transforming IP.” The 2025 Report (“the Report”) polled over 500 patent and trademark professionals from various continents and countries across the globe.


With AI, Junior Lawyers Will Excavate Insights, Not Review Docs — from news.bloomberglaw.com by Eric Dodson Greenberg; some of this article is behind a paywall

As artificial intelligence reshapes the legal profession, both in-house and outside counsel face two major—but not unprecedented—challenges.

The first is how to harness transformative technology while maintaining the rigorous standards that define effective legal practice.

The second is how to ensure that new technology doesn’t impair the training and development of new lawyers.

Rigorous standards and apprenticeship are foundational aspects of lawyering. Preserving and integrating both into our use of AI will be essential to creating a stable and effective AI-enabled legal practice.


The AI Lie That Legal Tech Companies Are Selling…. — from jdsupra.com

Every technology vendor pitching to law firms leads with the same promise: our solution will save you time. They’re lying, and they know it. The truth about AI in legal practice isn’t that it will reduce work. It’s that it will explode the volume of work while fundamentally changing what that work looks like.

New practice areas will emerge overnight. AI compliance law is already booming. Algorithmic discrimination cases are multiplying. Smart contract disputes need lawyers who understand both code and law. The metaverse needs property rights. Cryptocurrency needs regulation. Every technological advance creates legal questions that didn’t exist yesterday.

The skill shift will be brutal for lawyers who resist. 


Finalists Named for 2025 American Legal Technology Awards — from lawnext.com by Bob Ambrogi

Finalists have been named for the 2025 American Legal Technology Awards, which honor exceptional achievement in various aspects of legal technology.

The awards recognize achievement in various categories related to legal technology, such as by a law firm, an individual, or an enterprise.

The awards will be presented on Oct. 15 at a gala dinner on the eve of the Clio Cloud Conference in Boston, Mass. The dinner will be held at Suffolk Law School.

Here are this year’s finalists:

 

Digital Accessibility with Amy Lomellini — from intentionalteaching.buzzsprout.com by Derek Bruff

In this episode, we explore why digital accessibility can be so important to the student experience. My guest is Amy Lomellini, director of accessibility at Anthology, the company that makes the learning management system Blackboard. Amy teaches educational technology as an adjunct at Boise State University, and she facilitates courses on digital accessibility for the Online Learning Consortium. In our conversation, we talk about the importance of digital accessibility to students, moving away from the traditional disclosure-accommodation paradigm, AI as an assistive technology, and lots more.

 

Stanford Law Unveils liftlab, a Groundbreaking AI Initiative Focused on the Legal Profession’s Future — from law.stanford.edu

September 15, 2025 — Stanford, CA — Stanford Law School today announced the launch of the Legal Innovation through Frontier Technology Lab, or liftlab, to explore how artificial intelligence can reshape legal services—not just to make them faster and cheaper, but better and more widely accessible.

Led by Professor Julian Nyarko and Executive Director Megan Ma, liftlab is among the first academic efforts in legal AI to unite research, prototyping, and real-time collaboration with industry. While much of AI innovation in law has so far focused on streamlining routine tasks, liftlab is taking a broader and more ambitious approach. The goal is to tap AI’s potential to fundamentally change the way legal work serves society.


The divergence of law firms from lawyers — from jordanfurlong.substack.com by Jordan Furlong
LLMs’ absorption of legal task performance will drive law firms towards commoditized service hubs while raising lawyers to unique callings as trustworthy legal guides — so long as we do this right.

Generative AI is going to weaken and potentially dissolve that relationship. Law firms will become capable of generating output that can be sold to clients with no lawyer involvement at all.

Right now, it’s possible for an ordinary person to obtain from an LLM like ChatGPT-5 the performance of a legal task — the provision of legal analysis, the production of a legal instrument, the delivery of legal advice — that previously could only be acquired from a human lawyer.

I’m not saying a person should do that. The LLM’s output might be effective and reliable, or it might prove disastrously off-base. But many people are already using LLMs in this way, and in the absence of other accessible options for legal assistance, they will continue to do so.


Why legal professionals need purpose-built agentic AI — from legal.thomsonreuters.com by Frank Schilder with Thomson Reuters Labs

Highlights

  • Professional-grade agentic AI systems are architecturally distinct from consumer chatbots, utilizing domain-specific data and robust verification mechanisms to deliver the high accuracy and reliability essential for legal work, whereas consumer tools prioritize conversational flow using unvetted web data.
  • True agentic AI for legal professionals offers transparent, multi-agent workflows, integrates with authoritative legal databases for verification, and applies domain-specific reasoning to understand legal nuances, unlike traditional chatbots that lack this complexity and autonomy.
  • When evaluating legal AI, professionals should avoid solutions that lack workflow transparency, offer no human checkpoints for oversight, and cannot integrate with professional databases, ensuring the chosen tool enhances, rather than replaces, expert judgment.

How I Left Corporate Law to Become a Legal Tech Entrepreneur — from news.bloomberglaw.com by Adam Nguyen; behind a paywall

If you’re a lawyer wondering whether to take the leap into entrepreneurship, I understand the apprehension that comes with leaving a predictable path. Embracing the fear, uncertainty, challenges, and constant evolution integral to an entrepreneur’s journey has been worth it for me.


Lawyering In The Age Of AI: Why Artificial Intelligence Might Make Lawyers More Human — from abovethelaw.com by Lisa Lang and Joshua Horenstein
AI could rehumanize the legal profession.

AI is already adept at doing what law school trained us to do — identifying risks, spotting issues, and referencing precedent. What it’s not good at is nuance, trust, or judgment — skills that define great lawyering.

When AI handles some of the drudgery — like contract clause spotting and formatting — it gives us something precious back: time. That time forces lawyers to stop hiding behind legalese and impractical analysis. It allows — and even demands — that we communicate like leaders.

Imagine walking into a business meeting and, instead of delivering a 20-page memo, offering a single slide with a recommendation tied directly to company goals. That’s not just good lawyering; that’s leadership. And AI may be the catalyst that gets us there.

AI changes the game. When generative tools can translate clauses into plain English, the old value proposition of complexity begins to crumble. The playing field shifts — from who can analyze the most thoroughly to who can communicate the most clearly.

That’s not a threat. It’s an opportunity — one for lawyers to become better partners to the business by focusing on what matters most: sound judgment delivered in plain language.


 

OpenAI’s research on AI scheming, explained — from theneurondaily.com by Grant Harvey
PLUS: Google PayPal on agent payments?!

  • We dive into the OpenAI study that found AI models scheme to avoid retraining.
  • AI Models Caught Red-Handed Being Sneaky (And We Taught Them to Stop… Mostly)

And models were caught doing all sorts of other shady stuff:

  • Intentionally underperforming when told high scores would lead to capability removal.
  • Secretly breaking rules then lying about it to users.
  • Sabotaging code while claiming everything was fine.
  • Falsifying reports to avoid “shutdown” scenarios.
  • Recognizing evaluation environments and thinking “this is probably an alignment test.”

Why this matters: While today’s ChatGPT isn’t about to orchestrate some grand deception that matters (the worst it might do is gaslight you to tell you it fixed your code when it didn’t), future AI systems will have real power and autonomy. Getting ahead of deceptive behavior now, while we can still peek inside their “minds,” is crucial.

The researchers are calling for the entire AI industry to prioritize this issue. Because nobody wants to live in a world where super-intelligent AI systems are really good at lying to us. That’s basically every sci-fi movie we’ve been warned about.


From DSC:
This is chilling indeed. We are moving so fast that we aren’t safeguarding things enough. As they point out, these things can be caught now because we are asking the models to show their “thinking” and processing. What happens when those windows get closed and we can’t see under the hood anymore?


 

3 Work Trends – Issue 87 — from the World Economic Forum

1. #AI adoption is delivering real results for early movers
Three years into the generative AI revolution, a small but growing group of global companies is demonstrating the tangible potential of AI. Among firms with revenues of $1 billion or more:

  • 17% report cost savings or revenue growth of at least 10% from AI.
  • Almost 80% say their AI investments have met or exceeded expectations.
  • Half worry they are not moving fast enough and could fall behind competitors.

The world’s first AI cabinet member — from therundown.ai by Zach Mink, Rowan Cheung, Shubham Sharma, Joey Liu & Jennifer Mossalgue
PLUS: Startup produces 3,000 AI podcast episodes weekly

The details:

  • Prime Minister Edi Rama unveiled Diella during a cabinet announcement this week, calling her the first member “virtually created by artificial intelligence”.
  • The AI avatar will evaluate and award all public tenders where the government contracts private firms.
  • Diella already serves citizens through Albania’s digital services portal, processing bureaucratic requests via voice commands.
  • Rama claims the AI will eliminate bribes and threats from decision-making, though the government hasn’t detailed what human oversight will exist.

The Rundown AI’s article links to:


Anthropic Economic Index report: Uneven geographic and enterprise AI adoption — from anthropic.com

In other words, a hallmark of early technological adoption is that it is concentrated—in both a small number of geographic regions and a small number of tasks in firms. As we document in this report, AI adoption appears to be following a similar pattern in the 21st century, albeit on shorter timelines and with greater intensity than the diffusion of technologies in the 20th century.

To study such patterns of early AI adoption, we extend the Anthropic Economic Index along two important dimensions, introducing a geographic analysis of Claude.ai conversations and a first-of-its-kind examination of enterprise API use. We show how Claude usage has evolved over time, how adoption patterns differ across regions, and—for the first time—how firms are deploying frontier AI to solve business problems.


How human-centric AI can shape the future of work — from weforum.org by Sapthagiri Chapalapalli

  • Last year, use of AI in the workplace increased by 5.5% in Europe alone.
  • AI adoption is accelerating, but success depends on empowering people, not just deploying technology.
  • Redesigning roles and workflows to combine human creativity and critical thinking with AI-driven insights is key.

The transformative potential of AI on business

Organizations are having to rapidly adapt their business models. Image: TCS


Using ChatGPT to get a job — from linkedin.com by Ishika Rawat

 

AI firm Anthropic reaches landmark $1.5B copyright deal with book authors — from washingtonpost.com by Will Oremus; this is a gifted article
The authors hailed the settlement as a win for human creators after they alleged the company downloaded millions of books without permission.

Anthropic, the artificial intelligence company behind the popular chatbot Claude, will pay $1.5 billion to settle a class-action lawsuit brought by book publishers and authors, according to documents filed in federal court Friday.

The settlement allows Anthropic to avoid going to trial over claims that it violated copyrights by downloading millions of books without permission and storing digital copies of them. The company will not admit wrongdoing.

 

PODCAST: The AI that’s making lawyers 100x better (and it’s not ChatGPT) — from theneurondaily.com by Matthew Robinson
How Thomson Reuters solved AI hallucinations in legal work

Bottom line: The best engineers became 100x better with AI coding tools. Now the same transformation is hitting law. Joel [the CTO at Thomson Reuters] predicts the best attorneys who master these tools will become 100x more powerful than before.


Legal Tech at a Turning Point: What 2025 Has Shown Us So Far — from community.nasscom.in by Elint AI

4. Legal Startups Reshape the Market for Judges and Practitioners
Legal services are no longer dominated by traditional providers. Business Insider reports on a new wave of nimble “Law Firm 2.0” entities—AI-enabled startups offering fixed cost services for specific tasks such as contract reviews or drafting. The LegalTech Lab is helping launch such disruptors with funding and guidance.

At the same time, alternative legal service providers or ALSPs are integrating generative AI, moving beyond cost-efficient support to providing legal advice and enhanced services—often on subscription models.

In 2025 so far, legal technology has moved from incremental adoption to integral transformation. Generative AI, investments, startups, and regulatory readiness are reshaping the practice of law—for lawyers, judges, and the rule of law.


Insights On AI And Its Impact On Legal, Part One — from abovethelaw.com by Stephen Embry
AI will have lasting impact on the legal profession.

I recently finished reading Ethan Mollick‘s excellent book on artificial intelligence, entitled Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI. He does a great job of explaining what it is, how it works, how it best can be used, and where it may be headed.

The first point that resonated with me is that artificial intelligence tools can take those with poor skills in certain areas and significantly elevate their output. For example, Mollick cited a study that demonstrated that the performance of law students at the bottom of their class got closer to that of the top students with the use of AI.

Lawyers and law firms need to begin thinking and planning for how the coming skill equalization will impact competition and potentially profitability. They need to consider how the value of what they provide to their clients will be greater than their competition. They need to start thinking about what skill will set them apart in the new AI driven world. 


267 | AI First Drafts: What Your Clients Aren’t Telling You (and Why It Matters) — from thebrainyacts.beehiiv.com by Brainyacts

Welcome to the new normal: the AI First Draft.
Clients—from everyday citizens to solo entrepreneurs to sophisticated in-house counsel—are increasingly using AI to create the first draft of legal documents before outside counsel even enters the conversation. Contracts, memos, emails, issue spotters, litigation narratives: AI can now do it all.

This means outside counsel is now navigating a very different kind of document review and client relationship. One that comes with hidden risks, awkward conversations, and new economic pressures.

Here are the three things every lawyer needs to start thinking about when reviewing client-generated work product.

1. The Prompt Problem: What Was Shared, and With Whom?…
2. The Confidence Barrier: When AI Sounds Right, But Isn’t…
3. The Economic Shift: Why AI Work Can Cost More, Not Less…


 

 

ILTACON 2025: The Wild, Wild West of legal tech — from abajournal.com by Nicole Black

On the surface, ILTACON 2025, the International Legal Technology Association’s largest annual legal technology event, had all the makings of a great conference. But despite the thought-provoking sessions and keynotes, networking opportunities and PR fanfare, I couldn’t shake the sense that we were in the midst of a seismic shift in legal tech, surrounded by the restless energy of a boomtown.

The gold rush
It wasn’t ILTACON that bothered me; it was the heady, gold-rushed, “anything goes and whatever sticks works” environment that was unsettling. While this year’s conference was pirate-themed, it felt more like the Wild West to me.

This attitude permeated the conference, driven largely by the frenzied, frontier-style artificial intelligence revolution. The AI train is hurtling forward at lightning speed, destination unknown, and everyone is trying to cash in before it derails.

Two themes emerged from my discussions. First, no matter who you spoke to, “agentic AI,” meaning AI that autonomously takes purposeful actions, was a buzzword that cropped up often, whether during press briefings or over drinks. Another key trend was the race to become the generative AI home base for legal professionals.

— Nicole Black

“We are at the start of the biggest disruption to the legal profession in its history.”

— Steve Hasker, Thomson Reuters president and CEO

 

Also see:

Fresh Voices on Legal Tech with Bridget McCormack — from legaltalknetwork.com

Is AI the technology that will finally force lawyer tech competence? With rapid advances and the ability to address numerous problems and pain points in our legal systems, AI simply can’t be ignored. Dennis & Tom welcome Bridget McCormack to discuss her perspectives on current AI trends and other exciting new tech applications in legal…

Top Legal Tech Jobs on the Rise: Who Employers Are Looking For in 2025 — from lawyer-monthly.com

For professionals, this means one thing: dozens of new career paths are appearing on the horizon that did not exist five years ago.

 
© 2025 | Daniel Christian