{"id":65907,"date":"2019-01-22T05:00:11","date_gmt":"2019-01-22T10:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/?p=65907"},"modified":"2019-01-22T09:03:42","modified_gmt":"2019-01-22T14:03:42","slug":"especially-meant-for-students-some-oldies-but-goodies-on-the-best-ways-to-study-learn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/2019\/01\/22\/especially-meant-for-students-some-oldies-but-goodies-on-the-best-ways-to-study-learn\/","title":{"rendered":"Especially meant for students: Some oldies but goodies on the best ways to study\/learn!"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/neurobonkers\/assessing-the-evidence-for-the-one-thing-you-never-get-taught-in-school-how-to-learn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>The Lesson You Never Got Taught in School: How to Learn!<\/strong><\/a> &#8212; from bigthink.com by Simon Oxenham (from 2\/15\/13)<br \/>\n<em>Psychological Science in the Public Interest evaluated ten techniques for improving learning, ranging from mnemonics to highlighting and came to some surprising conclusions.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/neurobonkers\/assessing-the-evidence-for-the-one-thing-you-never-get-taught-in-school-how-to-learn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-65911\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-65911 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BestStudyingTechniques.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"565\" height=\"423\" srcset=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BestStudyingTechniques.jpg 565w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BestStudyingTechniques-150x112.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Excerpts:<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong data-userway-font-size=\"18\">Practice Testing (Rating = High)<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is where things get interesting; testing is often seen as a necessary evil of education. Traditionally, testing consists of rare but massively important \u2018high stakes\u2019 assessments. There is however, an extensive literature demonstrating the benefits of testing for learning \u2013 but importantly, it does not seem necessary that testing is in the format of \u2018high stakes\u2019 assessments. All testing including \u2018low stakes\u2019 practice testing seems to result in benefits. Unlike many of the other techniques mentioned, the benefits of practice testing are not modest \u2013 studies have found that a practice test can double free recall!<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong data-userway-font-size=\"18\">Distributed Practice (Rating = High)<br \/>\n<\/strong>Have you ever wondered whether it is best to do your studying in large chunks or divide your studying over a period of time? Research has found that the optimal level of distribution of sessions for learning is 10-20% of the length of time that something needs to be remembered. So if you want to remember something for a year you should study at least every month, if you want to remember something for five years you should space your learning every six to twelve months. If you want to remember something for a week you should space your learning 12-24 hours apart. It does seem however that the distributed-practice effect may work best when processing information deeply \u2013 so for best results you might want to try a distributed practice and self-testing combo.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em>Also see:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/stoken\/rbtfl\/Z10jaVH\/60XQM\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment noopener wp-att-65912\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-65912 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BestStudyingTechniques-WillinghamEtAl-Jan2013.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BestStudyingTechniques-WillinghamEtAl-Jan2013.jpg 684w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/BestStudyingTechniques-WillinghamEtAl-Jan2013-150x131.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100612453266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Improving Students\u2019 Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology<\/strong><\/a><br \/>\nJohn Dunlosky, Katherine A. Rawson, Elizabeth J. Marsh, Mitchell J. Nathan, Daniel T. Willingham<br \/>\nFirst Published January 8, 2013 | Research Article<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100612453266\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1529100612453266<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/2019\/01\/22\/especially-meant-for-students-some-oldies-but-goodies-on-the-best-ways-to-study-learn\/best-learning-strats-dunloskyrawsonmarshnathanwillingham\/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-65931\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-65931\" src=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Best-Learning-Strats-DunloskyRawsonMarshNathanWillingham-1024x455.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Best-Learning-Strats-DunloskyRawsonMarshNathanWillingham-1024x455.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Best-Learning-Strats-DunloskyRawsonMarshNathanWillingham-150x67.jpg 150w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Best-Learning-Strats-DunloskyRawsonMarshNathanWillingham-768x341.jpg 768w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Best-Learning-Strats-DunloskyRawsonMarshNathanWillingham.jpg 1121w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/gradpsych\/2011\/11\/study-smart.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Study smart<\/strong><\/a> &#8212; from apa.org by Lea Winerman; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.danielwillingham.com\/daniel-willingham-science-and-education-blog\/students-should-be-taught-how-to-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as recommended by Daniel Willingham here<\/a><br \/>\n<em>Make the most of your study time with these drawn-from-the-research tips.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.danielwillingham.com\/daniel-willingham-science-and-education-blog\/students-should-be-taught-how-to-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Per Willingham\u00a0<\/a><em><span style=\"color: #800000;\">(emphasis DSC):<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rereading is a terribly ineffective strategy. <span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>The best strategy&#8211;by far &#8212; is to self-test &#8212; which is the 9th most popular strategy out of 11 in this study.<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0 Self-testing leads to better memory even compared to concept mapping (Karpicke &amp; Blunt, 2011).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Three Takeaways from <a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.wgbh.org\/innovation-hub\/2019\/1\/4\/becoming-effective-learner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Becoming An Effective Learner:<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Boser says that<strong> the idea that people have different learning styles,<\/strong> such as visual learning or verbal learning, <strong>has little scientific evidence to support it.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>According to Boser, <strong>teachers and parents should praise their kids\u2019 ability and effort, instead of telling them they\u2019re smart.<\/strong> \u201cWhen we tell people they are smart, we give them&#8230; a \u2018fixed mindset,\u2019\u201d says Boser.<\/li>\n<li>If you are learning piano &#8211; or anything, really &#8211; the best way to learn is to practice different composers\u2019 work. \u201c<strong>Mixing up your practices is far more effective<\/strong>,\u201d says Boser.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"entry-title\" data-content-field=\"title\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.retrievalpractice.org\/strategies\/2018\/6\/29\/cumulative-exams\">Cumulative exams aren&#8217;t the same as spacing and interleaving. Here&#8217;s why.<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>&#8212; from\u00a0 retrievalpractice.org<\/p>\n<p data-content-field=\"title\"><em>Excerpts\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000000;\">(emphasis DSC):<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Our recommendations <\/strong>to make cumulative exams more powerful with small tweaks for you and your students:<\/p>\n<ul data-rte-list=\"default\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Cumulative exams are good, but <strong>encourage even more spacing and discourage cramming with cumulative mini-quizzes throughout the semester, not just as an end-of-semester exam.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Be sure that cumulative mini-quizzes, activities, and exams include similar concepts that require careful discrimination from students, not simply related topics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Make sure you are using spacing and interleaving as learning strategies and instructional strategies throughout the semester, not simply as part of assessments and cumulative exams.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bottom line: Just because an exam is cumulative does not mean it automatically involves spacing or interleaving. Be mindful of relationships across exam content, as well as whether students are spacing their study throughout the semester or simply cramming before an exam \u2013 cumulative or otherwise.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #800000;\">From DSC:<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">We, like <a href=\"http:\/\/www.learningscientists.org\/posters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Learning Scientists encourages us to do and even provides their own posters<\/a>, should have posters with these tips on them throughout every single school and library in the country.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">The posters each have a different practice such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Spaced practice<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Retrieval practice<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Elaboration<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Interleaving<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Concrete examples<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Dual coding<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\">That said, I could see how all of that information could\/would be overwhelming to some students and\/or the more technical terms could bore them or fly over their heads. So perhaps we could <strong>boil down the information<\/strong> to feature excerpts from the top sections only that put the concepts into easier to digest words such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Practice bringing information to mind<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Switch between ideas while you study<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Combine words and visuals<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #800000;\">Etc.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.learningscientists.org\/posters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-64617 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PostersOnLearning-1024x529.jpg\" alt=\"Learn how to study using these practices\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" srcset=\"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PostersOnLearning-1024x529.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PostersOnLearning-150x77.jpg 150w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PostersOnLearning-768x396.jpg 768w, http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PostersOnLearning.jpg 1538w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Lesson You Never Got Taught in School: How to Learn! &#8212; from bigthink.com by Simon Oxenham (from 2\/15\/13) Psychological Science in the Public Interest evaluated ten techniques for improving learning, ranging from mnemonics to highlighting and came to some surprising conclusions. &nbsp; Excerpts: Practice Testing (Rating = High) This is where things get interesting; [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[322,68,115,302,200,343,347,121,3,373,419,119,46,825,102,7,223,15,78,468,62,560,196,217,80,20,393,66,89,50,195,118,214,445],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65907","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjunct-faculty","category-assessment","category-colleges","category-community-colleges","category-corporate-universities","category-education","category-education-reform","category-face-to-face","category-higher-education","category-homeschoolinghomeschoolers","category-ideas-teaching","category-instructional-design","category-k-12-related","category-law-schools","category-learning","category-learning-ecosystem","category-learning-theories","category-lifelong-learning","category-memory","category-metacognition-metacognitive-skills","category-online-learning","category-parents-guardians","category-productivity-tips-and-tricks","category-research","category-stem-related","category-strategy","category-student-teachingteacher-education","category-student-related","category-teachers","category-teaching-learning","category-tools","category-training-corporate-universities","category-universities","category-youth"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65907","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=65907"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65907\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":65936,"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/65907\/revisions\/65936"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=65907"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=65907"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/danielschristian.com\/learning-ecosystems\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=65907"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}